The first few paragraphs of a novel, or any other masterpiece, form one of the key elements of the text: the decisive threshold by which the reader enters the imaginary world and the author passes between silence and discourse. French critics use the term "incipit" to refer to this part and study it from different points of view. After briefly looking at the evolution of this term and putting forward a relevant Persian equivalent, this paper insists on the particular importance of "the First Part of a Text". The paper then recalls its particular roles and how to determine its limits, as well as analyzing concepts such as "Essential Principles of Imaginary World", "Para- Textual Elements" and "Reading Contracts". It should be noted that some examples of Persian novels and short stories will be cited while explaining the above topics and analyzing the said concepts in order to facilitate understanding and grasp of the subject matter.

The objective of the paper is to conceptualizing and discursive periodization of Office for Strengthening Unity since its establishment, based on Foucauldian discourse theories and conceptions like archaeology and genealogy, using discourse analysis for understanding tradition and modernity. Furthermore, the aim of this paper is, by clarifying discursive characteristics of every period, in terms of its relevance to tradition-modernity discourse, to show discursive FORMATION of different periods and their THRESHOLDS. Then, by applying Foucauldian archaeology and his methodological strategies, one determined propositions (influential verbal and nonverbal actions) as population and purposed sampling as sampling method that continued until no new data appear. Findings showed that one can distinct five periods including: "Evolution from religious intellectualism to pure Islam discourse"; "reproduction of pure Islam discourse"; "evolution from pure Islam discourse to religious intellectualism"; and "evolution from religious intellectualism to modern discourse and intensifying of discursive scattering points" and "FORMATION and deepening of two conflicting discourses (modern discourse and pure Islam discourse".

The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the FORMATION of leading schools, so that it can be used in Iran's education. For this purpose, first, according to the research background and theoretical foundations, a conceptual framework was presented in the field of the components of an efficient and progressive school. Due to the nature of the subject, this research is an applied and developmental research and its method is of a mixed type, and includes quantitative and qualitative methods. According to the obtained inFORMATION, the statistical population is about 3000 people. The sample size is estimated to be 344 people using Morgan's table. Stratified sampling method was used for sampling in this research, and 84 managers and 260 teachers participated in this study. The tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the correlation coefficient test and factor analysis were used. The results of the research showed that the components of management and leadership, research factors, educational factors, human resources, budget and infrastructure, technology and equipment are the main components of the FORMATION of leading schools, and the component of educational factors has the largest contribution.

Space is a multidimensional, boundless realm in which the relative position of phenomena is reflected. During the last few decades, the water level of Lake Urmia has decreased drastically. Lake Urmia, as a geographical device and a complex system, has been affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, as visible and hidden layers. In order to check the water storage threshold of dams in reducing the water level of Lake Urmia, we first prepared the desired data bank: DEM of the basin, data from climatology stations, discharge of hydrometric stations and dam inFORMATION. We estimated the linear relationships between altitude and Temperature and precipitation and altitude in SPSS software. Considering climatology stations and dams as output points, we extracted several sub-basins. We estimated the volume of water inflow into the basins without a hydrometric station using Justin's method, We also analyzed the percentage of annual discharge compared to annual precipitation and changes in the water storage volume of dams. The results indicate that the reservoir volume of 46 dams in 12 sub-basins (1628. 68 million cubic meters) accounts for about 21% of the total volume of basin runoff, This number was 13% until 1996 and reached 21. 8% in 2013. In 1970, with the construction of the Mahabad dam with a reservoir volume of 197. 8 million cubic meters, the reservoir volume of the dams exceeded the environmental threshold, it caused the lake's water level to decrease irreversibly. Examining the volume of the dam reservoir according to the volume of water intake and the volume of rainfall in the basins of the dams shows that out of the 41 dams, the reservoirs of 28 dams are built according to the rainfall potential of the basin. The ratio of reservoir volume to rainfall volume of 33 dams has very favorable conditions, and 6 dams have favorable conditions.

According to the high diversity of vegetation, soil and bare rock patterns in the desert ecosystem and non-desert districts, distinguishing these areas is difficult. The approach used in this research introduced an ecogeomorphic view based on inverse recovery and erodibility potential to identify desert zones. The recovery/erodibility ratio can change the ecological resilience of ecosystem which shows resistance degree of system to environmental disturbances. The aim of this study was distinguishing desert environment based on eco-geomorphic boundries in Khorasan Razavi province as critical region to desertification process in Iran. In view of this four maps including lithology, vegetation cover, soil and isohyet were provided for analyzing the changes of recovery and erodibility ratio. The TM/ETM+ imagery data, geological map and soil map in scale 1: 250'000 were used to prepare layers. An unsupervised classification was applied based on MODIS imagery data which shows eco-geomorphic dynamics along climatic/lithologic gradient. A zone as case study was selected where located in Lut and Sabzevar geological blocks. The climatic and topographic gradients were main reasons for choosing this case study in the KR province. Ecological and geomorphologic changes confirmed the erodibility-recovery oscillations in the study area. Results indicated two ecogeomorphic THRESHOLDS delineated based on characteristics of lithological, soil, and vegetation cover, rainfall fluctuations. The transition shows an ecogeomorphic transition between non-desert to semi-desert environments and a transition between semi-desert to desert region.

Extended Oligopoly models will be introduced and examined in which the firms might face capacity limits, THRESHOLDS for minimal and maximal moves, and antitrust THRESHOLDS in the case of partial cooperation. Similar situation occurs when there is an additional cost of output adjustment, which is discontinuous at zero due to set-up costs. In these cases the payoff functions of the firms are nondifferentiable and in some cases even discontinuous. Under the usual concavity assumptions Cournot oligopolies have monotonic response functions and unique Cournot-Nash equilibrium. However the introduction of these more realistic additions into the oligopoly models creates a fundamentally new situation: the existence of no equilibrium or the presence of multiple, in some cases even infinitely many, equilibria. It also results in a very different asymptotic behavior of the dynamic extensions. The paper gives a brief survey of the relevant models, derives the response functions of the firms, and examines the existence and the number of equilibria. In the case of infinitely many equilibria the equilibrium-set will be also determined and characterized.